''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1892–) by

Adolf Engler Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with ...

(1844–1930) is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the

Engler system One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or co-authored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and ...

plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things). Plant taxonomy is closely alli ...

. Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

principles, and reflected the new post-

Darwinian Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that ...

perspective, although Engler himself did not think that his was. His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his ''Syllabus'' in 1892. This reflected the new post-

perspective. Engler's ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' first appeared in 1892 with the title ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik''. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009. A number of references to the Engler system actually refer to later revisions ('

modified Engler system The Melchior system, "a reference in all taxonomic courses", is a classification system detailing the taxonomic system of the Angiospermae according to A. Engler's ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1964), also known as "modified or updated" Engl ...

') undertaken by

Melchior Melchior is the name traditionally given to one of the biblical Magi appearing in the Gospel of Matthew. There are many notable people with this name, or close variations. As a first name * Melchior Anderegg (1828–1914), Swiss mountain guide * ...

and colleagues, the 12th edition of the ''Syllabus'', also referred to as the Melchior system.

Synopses

First edition (1892)

Review of previous systems p. xvii Schema p. xx * Myxothallophyta p. 1 ** Myxomycetes * Euthallophyta p. 3 **

Schizophyta Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, bl ...

** Dinoflagellata ** Bacillariales ** Gamophyceae **

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately fr ...

Embryophyta The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...

Zoidiogama ( Archegoniatae) ** Bryophyta p. 43 **

Pteridophyta A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns ...

p. 53 *

Siphonogama ( Phanerogamae) **

Gymnospermae The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμνό ...

p. 59 **

Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

p. 64 *** Class Chalazogamae p. 64 *** Class Acrogamae p. 65 **** Subclass

Monocotyledoneae Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

10 Orders ***** 1.

Pandanales Pandanales, the pandans or screw-pines, is an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots where ...

p. 65 ***** ... ***** 8. Liliiflorae p. 81 ***** 9.

Scitamineae Scitamineae is a descriptive botanical name. Historically it has been applied to a remarkably stable group of flowering plants, now referred to as Zingiberales: * at the rank of family in the Bentham & Hooker system (volume of 1883), placed in o ...

p. 87 ***** 10

Microspermae {{Unreferenced, date=December 2009 ''Microspermae'' is an order of flowering plants. It is a descriptive botanical name referring to the size of the seed; it was used for the order containing the orchids. In taxonomical systems this name has ...

p. 89 **** Subclass

Dicotyledoneae The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

2 groups ***** Group Archichlamydeae 23 orders ****** 1.

Piperales Piperales is an order of flowering plants (4,170 recognized species). It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but other taxa have been included or disincluded variously over time. Well-known plants which may be included in this order inclu ...

p. 93 ****** ... ****** 19. Parietales p. 138 24 families ****** ... ******

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed ...

p. 142 ****** ... ****** 20. Opuntiales p. 144 ****** ... ****** 23.

Polygonales Polygonales was an order of flowering plants recognized by several older systems such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981. Its circumscription was typically: * o ...

p. 101 ***** Group Sympetalae 9 Orders ****** 1.

Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons. Species in this order have considerable commercial importance including for tea, persimmon, blueberry, kiwifruit, Brazil nuts, argan, and azalea. The order includes trees, bushes, lia ...

p. 151 ****** ... ****** 9.

Campanulatae Campanulales is a valid botanic name for a plant order. It was used in the Cronquist system as an order within the subclass Asteridae in the class Magnoliopsida flowering plants. As then circumscribed it included the families: * Pentaphragmatac ...

p. 173

Third edition (1903)

The main groups of plants are shown here with page numbers in (parentheses) and some corresponding volumes in ''

Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (1887–1915) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) and Karl Anton Prantl is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the Engler system of plant t ...

'' in quare brackets however there are changes between editions: Review of previous systems p. xxi From schema and index (pp. xxiv-xxv) * I. Abteilung. Phytosarcodina, Myxothallophyta, Myxomycetes (p. 1) * II. Abteilung.

(p. 3) ol 1 part Ia* III. Abteilung. Flagellatae (p. 6) ol 1 part Ia* IV. Abteilung. Dinoflagellatae (p. 8) * ? Abteilung. Silicoflagellatae (p. 8) * V. Abteilung. Zygophyceae (p. 8) * VI. Abteilung. Chlorophyceae (p. 11) ol 1 part II* VII. Abteilung. Charales (p. 15) * VIII. Abteilung. Phaeophyceae (p. 15) * IX. Abteilung. Dictyotales (p. 18) * X. Abteilung. Rhodophyceae (p. 18) * XI. Abteilung. Eumycetes (Fungi) (p. 25) ol 1 part I* XII. Abteilung.

asiphonogama ( Archegoniatae) (p. 50) ** I. Unterabteilung Bryophyta (Muscinei) (p. 51) ol 1 part III: 1** II. Unterabteilung

(p. 61) ol 1 part IV* XIII. Abteilung. Embryophyta siphonogama ( Phanerogamae) (p. 70) ** I. Unterabteilung

(p. 70) ol 2 part I** II. Unterabteilung

(p. 75) ol 2 part I

XIII Embryophyta siphonogama

* I. Unterabteilung

6 classes (p. 70) ol 2 part I* II. Unterabteilung

2 classes (p. 75) ol 2 part I** 1. Klasse

11 orders (p. 76) ** 2. Klasse

2 subclasses (p. 106)

= Gymnospermae

= 6 classes (p. 70)

= Angiospermae

= 2 classes (p. 75) * 1. Klasse

11 orders (p. 76) ol 2 part I* 2. Klasse

2 sublasses (p. 106)

Monocotyledoneae

11 orders * 1. Reihe

(p. 77) * 3. Reihe Triuridales (p. 80) * 4. Reihe Glumiflorae (p. 80) * 5. Reihe

Principes ''Principes'' (Singular: ''princeps'') were spearmen, and later swordsmen, in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could afford decent equipment. They were the heavier in ...

(p. 84) * 6. Reihe Synanthae (p. 87) * 7. Reihe Spathiflorae (p. 87) * 8. Reihe Farinosae (p. 91) * 9. Reihe Liliiflorae (p. 93) ol 2 part I* 10. Reihe

(p. 101) * 11. Reihe

(p. 102)

Dicotyledoneae

2 subclasses (p. 106) * 1. Unterklasse Archechlamydeae * 2. Unterklasse Metachlamydeae (Sympetalae) (p. 175) Index (p. 215)

= Monocotyledon family structure

= 11 orders (Reihe)

Pandanales

* Pandanaceae * Sparganiaceae *

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

Helobiae

4 suborders * subordo Alismatineae *:

Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 19 genera (17 extant and 2 fossil) and 117 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...

Butomaceae ''Butomus'' is the only known genus in the plant family Butomaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It is considered invasive in some parts of the United States. Taxonomy The Butomaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists as a pla ...

* subordo Hydrocharitineae *:

Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae is a flowering plant family including 16 known genera with a total of ca 135 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016), that including a number of species of aquatic plant, for instance the tape-grasses, the well known Canadian ...

* subordo Scheuchzeriineae *: Scheuchzeriaceae * subordo Potamogetonineae *:

Aponogetonaceae The Aponogetonaceae (the Cape-pondweed family or aponogeton family) are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales. In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (20 ...

Juncaginaceae Juncaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, recognized by most taxonomists for the past few decades. It is also known as the ''arrowgrass'' family. It includes 3 genera with a total of 34 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). The APG II ...

Potamogetonaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over six genera. The largest genus in the family by far is ''Potamogeton'', w ...

*: Najadaceae *: Zannichelliaceae

Triuridales

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

Glumiflorae

Gramineae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...

*: Maydeae *:

Andropogoneae The Andropogoneae, sometimes called the sorghum tribe, are a large tribe of grasses (family Poaceae) with roughly 1,200 species in 90 genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. They include such important crops as maize (corn), ...

Paniceae Paniceae is a large tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), the only in the monotypic supertribe Panicodae. It includes roughly 1,500 species in 84 genera, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pan ...

Oryzeae Oryzeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the true grass family, Poaceae. It contains 11 genera, including both cultivated rice ('' Oryza'') and wild rice Wild rice, also called manoomin, Canada rice, Indian rice, or water oats, is any of ...

*: Phalarideae *: Agrostideae *: Aveneae *: Festuceae *: Chlorideae *: Hordeeae *: Bambuseae * Cyperaceae

Principes

Palmae The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm tree ...

or Arecaceae

Synanthae

Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthaceae is a family of flowering plants. Taxonomy Earlier systems, such as the Cronquist system and the Takhtajan system, placed it as the sole family in the order Cyclanthales. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cyclanthaceae w ...

Spathiflorae

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). A ...

Lemnaceae Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose ...

Farinosae

6 suborders *

Flagellariaceae ''Flagellaria'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Flagellariaceae with only five species.Wepfer, P. H., & Linder, H. P. (2014). The taxonomy of Flagellaria (Flagellariaceae). Australian Systematic Botany, 27(3), 159-179. https://dx. ...

* Enantioblastae * Bromellinewae * Commelinineae * Pontederiineae * Philydrineae

Liliiflorae

3 suborders (Unterreihe) 9 families * p. 93 # Juncineae 1 family (p. 94) # Liliineae 7 families (p. 94) # Iridineae 1 family (p. 100) * suborder Juncineae (p. 94) *:

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and s ...

* subordo Liliineae 7 families (p. 94) *: Stemonaceae (p. 94) *:

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair a ...

(p. 94) ages 10–91*:: subfamilia Melanthioideae 6 tribes (p. 94) *::: Tofieldieae *::: Helonieae *::: Veratreae *::: Uvularieae *::: Anguillarieae *::: Colchiceae *:: subfamilia Herrerioideae (p. 95) *:: subfamilia

Asphodeloideae Asphodeloideae is a subfamily of the monocot family Asphodelaceae in the order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Asphodelaceae ''sensu stricto''. The family Asphodelaceae has now been proposed to be a nomen conserv ...

8 tribes (p. 95) *::: Asphodeleae *::: Hemerocallideae *::: Aloineae *::: Aphyllantheae (p. 96) *::: Johnsonieae *::: Dasypogoneae *::: Lomandreae *::: Calectasieae *:: subfamilia

Allioideae Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...

3 tribes(p. 96) *::: Agapantheae *:::

Allieae Allieae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae). It comprises a single genus, ''Allium'', distributed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Description Characterised by s ...

*:::

Gilliesieae Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a su ...

*:: subfamilia

Lilioideae The Lilioideae are a subfamily of monocotyledonous perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are found predominantly in the temperate and colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Eas ...

2 tribes (p. 96) *:::

Tulipeae The Tulipeae ( syn. Tulipoideae) Duby is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting ...

6 genera *:::

Scilleae Scilloideae (named after the genus ''Scilla'', "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family '' Asparagaceae''. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus '' Hyacinthus''. Scilloidea ...

7 genera *:: subfamilia Dracaenoideae 3 tribes (p. 97) *:: subfamilia

Asparagoideae Asparagoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales, according to the APG III system of 2009. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Asparagus''. The group h ...

4 tribes (p. 97) *:: subfamilia Ophiopogonoideae (p. 97) *:: subfamilia Aletroideae (p. 98) *:: subfamilia Luzuriagoideae (p. 98) *:: subfamilia Smilacoideae (p. 98) *: Haemodoraceae (p. 98) *: Amaryllidaceae 3 subfamilies (p. 98) *:: subfamilia Amaryllidoideae 2 tribes *:::

Amaryllideae Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus ''Crinum''. They ...

(p. 98) *:::

Narcisseae Narcisseae is a small tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae), where it forms part of the Eurasian clade, and is one of three tribes in the European (Mediterranean) clade. It contain ...

(p. 99) *:: subfamilia

Agavoideae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves ...

(p. 99) *:: subfamilia Campynematoideae (p. 99) *: Velloziaceae (p. 99) *: Taccaceae (p. 99) *:

Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea''). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both ...

2 tribes (p. 99) * subordo Iridineae 2 families (p. 100) *:

Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It include ...

(p. 100) *:: subfamilia Crocoideae *:: subfamilia Iridoideae 3 tribes *:: subfamilia Ixioideae 3 tribes

Scitamineae

* Musaceae p. 101 *

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Af ...

Cannaceae ''Canna'' or canna lily is the only genus of flowering plants in the family Cannaceae, consisting of 10 species.The Cannaceae of the World, H. Maas-van der Kamer & P.J.M. Maas, BLUMEA 53: 247-318 Cannas are not true lilies, but have been ass ...

Marantaceae The Marantaceae are a family, the arrowroot family, of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and around 530 species, defining it as one of the most species-rich families in its order.Kennedy, H. (2000). “Diversification in pollination mechan ...

Lowiaceae ''Orchidantha'' is a genus of flowering plants. In the APG III system, it is placed in the family Lowiaceae, as the sole genus. It includes the plants in the formerly recognised genera ''Lowia'' and ''Protamomum''. ''Orchidantha'' remains a poo ...

p. 102

Microspermae

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

In modern classifications, Engler's divisions I - XI are not considered plants but are classified in other groups (although some botanists do accept Engler's divisions VII and VIII, the " green algae", as plants).

Thirteenth edition (2009-)

* Cyanoprokaryota art 1/1* Acrasia (

Acrasiomycota The family Acrasidae (ICZN, or Acrasiomycota, ICBN) is a family of slime molds which belongs to the excavate group Percolozoa. The name element - comes from the Greek ''akrasia'', meaning "acting against one's judgement". This group consists ...

) art 1/1* Eumycetozoa art 1/1**

Protostelia Protosteliomycetes/Protosteliales (ICBN) or Protostelea/Protostelia/Protosteliida ( ICZN) is a grouping of slime molds from the phylum Mycetozoa. The name can vary depending upon the taxon used. Other names include Protostelea, Protostelia, and P ...

** Dictyostelia **

Myxogastria Myxogastria/Myxogastrea (myxogastrids, ICZN) or Myxomycetes ( ICN), is a class of slime molds that contains 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera, and 888 species. They are colloquially known as the ''plasmodial'' or ''acellular ...

( Myxomycetes) *

Phytomyxea The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae. They are divided into the orders Plasmodiophorida (ICZN, or Plasmodiophoromycota, ICBN) and Phag ...

(

Plasmodiophoromycota The plasmodiophores (also known as plasmophorids or plasmodiophorids) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order ...

) art 1/1*

/ Mycobionta **

Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek ('), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoöspores. Chytri ...

art 1/1***

Blastocladiomycetes Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi.Hibbett DS et al. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycological Research 111:509–47. Blastocladiomycota was originally the order ...

***

Chytridiomycetes Chytridiomycetes () is a class of fungi. Members are found in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries. They are first known from the Rhynie chert. It has recently been redefined to exclude the taxa Neocallimastigomycota and Monoblepharidomycet ...

***

Monoblepharidomycetes Members of the Monoblepharidomycetes have a filamentous thallus that is either extensive or simple and unbranched. They frequently have a holdfast at the base. In contrast to other taxa in their phylum, some reproduce using autospores, althoug ...

*** Neocallimastigomycetes **

Zygomycota Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living ...

art 1/1*** Entomophthoromycotina *** Mortierellomycotina *** Mucoromycotina ***

Kickxellomycotina Kickxellomycotina is a fungus grouping. In the subkingdom of Zoopagomyceta . The name was changed from "Harpellomycotina", because "Kickxellomycotina" had an older stem. It came from the genus '' Kickxella'', named after Jean Kickx. Orders in ...

***

Zoopagomycotina The Zoopagomycotina are a subdivision (''incertae sedis'') of the fungal division Zygomycota ''sensu lato''. It contains 5 families and 20 genera. ...

** Glomeromycota art 1/1*** Glomeromycetes ** Ascomycota art 1/2, to be published** Basidiomycota art 1/3, to be published* Heterokontobionta **

Labyrinthulomycota The Labyrinthulomycetes (ICBN) or Labyrinthulea ( ICZN) are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them. The two main groups are the laby ...

art 1/1*** Labyrinthulomycetes **

Oomycota Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (). They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result ...

art 1/1*** Hyphochytridiomycetes *** Peronosporomycetes **

Cryptophyta The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 220 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape ...

art 2/1***

Cryptophyceae The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 220 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape ...

***

Goniomonadea Goniomonadea is a proposed class of cryptomonads The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a group of algae, most of which have plastids. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–5 ...

Dinophyta The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are ...

/ Dinozoa ( Dinoflagellata) art 2/1*** Perkinsea *** Oxyrrhidophyceae *** Ellobiophyceae ***

Syndiniophyceae The Syndiniales are an order (biology), order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as Parasitism, parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dino ...

*** Noctiluciphyceae ***

Dinophyceae Dinophyceae is a class of dinoflagellates. Taxonomy * Class Dinophyceae Pascher 1914 eridinea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein; Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al. 1993 orthog. emend.** Order Haplozoonales aplozooidea Poche 1913*** Family Ha ...

Haptophyta The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for '' Prymnesium''), are a clade of algae. The names Haptophyceae or Prymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead. This ending implies classification at ...

art 2/1***

Pavlovophyceae : Pavlovaceae is a family of haptophytes. It is the only family in the order Pavlovales, which is the only order in the class Pavlovophyceae. It contains four genera, ''Diacronema'', '' Exanthemachrysis'', '' Pavlova'' and ''Rebecca Rebecc ...

***

Coccolithophyceae Prymnesiophyceae is a haptophyte class. Although it was originally described by Casper in 1972, it did not receive a Latin diagnosis (a requirement for valid publication under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature The ''Internatio ...

** Heterokontophyta /

Ochrophyta The ochrophytes, subphylum Ochrophytina, is a group of mostly photosynthetic heterokonts. Their plastid is of red algal origin. The classification of the group is still being worked out. Originally, the ochrophytes were regarded as a phylum d ...

art 2/1*** Diatomeae,

Bacillariophyceae Bacillariophyceae is a group of pennate diatoms with a raphe (raphids). According to Ruggiero et al., 2015, the diatoms are treated as follows. This treatment largely reflects that used by Algaebase as at 2015, and is also reflected in the curren ...

s.l. ****

Coscinodiscophyceae The Coscinodiscophyceae are a class of diatoms. They are similar to the Centrales, a traditional, paraphyletic subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) of ...

**** Mediophyceae **** Fragilariophyceae ****

*** Other heterokontophytes ****

Bolidophyceae Bolidophyceae is a class of photosynthetic heterokont picophytoplankton, and consist of less than 20 known species. They are distinguished by the angle of flagellar insertion and swimming patterns as well as recent molecular analyses. Bolidophyc ...

****

Dictyochophyceae Dictyochophyceae sensu lato is a photosynthetic lineage of heterokont algae. Taxonomy * Class Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980 s.l. ** Subclass Sulcophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2013 *** Order Olisthodiscales Cavalier-Smith 2013 **** Family Olisthodis ...

**** Pelagophyceae ****

Pinguiophyceae Pinguiochrysidaceae is a family of marine Heterokontophyta. It is the only family in the order Pinguiochrysidales, which is the only order in the class Pinguiophyceae. It includes five species of unicellular organisms with high concentration of p ...

****

Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmatophytes are a small group (17 genera; ~107 species) of eukaryotic forms of algae that includes marine, freshwater and soil-living species. All eustigmatophytes are unicellular, with coccoid cells and polysaccharide cell walls. Eust ...

**** Picophagea **** Synchromophyceae ****

Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whic ...

**** Raphidophyceae ****

Chrysomerophyceae Chrysomerophyceae is a monotypic class of photosynthetic heterokont eukaryotes. Taxonomy * Class Chrysomerophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1995 ** Order Chrysomeridales O'Kelly & Billard ex Preisig *** Family Chrysomeridaceae Bourrelly 1957 **** Genu ...

**** Aurearenophyceae **** Phaeothamniophyceae ****

Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...

**** Schizocladiophyceae **** Phaeophyceae * Glaucobionta art 2/1**

Glaucophyta The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of speci ...

* Rhodobionta art 2/2, to be published** Rhodophyta * Organisation type " Green Algae" ** Chlorarachniophyta / Cercozoa art 2/1*** Chlorarachniophyceae **

Euglenophyta Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typic ...

/ Euglenozoa art 2/1*** Euglenophyceae ** Chlorobionta ("

Viridiplantae Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...

") ***

Chlorophyta Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...

art 2/1**** Nephroselmidophyceae **** Mamiellophyceae ****

Prasinophyceae The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...

**** Pedinophyceae **** Chlorodendrophyceae ****

Trebouxiophyceae The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group. Genera without interve ...

**** Chlorophyceae ****

Ulvophyceae The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cumming ...

****

incertae sedis **** Palmophyllales ***

Streptophyta Streptophyta (), informally the streptophytes (, from the Greek ''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition e ...

****

Mesostigmatophyceae The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, ''Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade co ...

art 2/1****

Chlorokybophyceae ''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or Charophyta, charophyte, a soil algae, alga. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, ...

art 2/1****

Klebsormidiophyceae Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine an ...

art 2/1****

Coleochaetophyceae Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...

art 2/1****

Zygnematophyceae Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales ...

art 2/1****

Charophyceae Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...

art 2/1**** Embryobionta ***** " Bryophytes" art 3******

Marchantiophyta The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ...

( Hepaticae) ****** Bryophyta (

Musci Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornw ...

) ******

Anthocerotophyta Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a g ...

***** Polysporangiomorpha art 3****** " Protracheophytes" (

Horneophytopsida The Horneophytopsida, informally called horneophytes, are a class of extinct plants which consisted of branched stems without leaves, true roots or vascular tissue, found from the Late Silurian to the Early Devonian (around ). They are the sim ...

) ******

Tracheophyta Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes () or collectively Tracheophyta (), form a large group of land plants ( accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They a ...

*******

Rhyniophytina The rhyniophytes are a group of extinct early vascular plants that are considered to be similar to the genus ''Rhynia'', found in the Early Devonian (around ). Sources vary in the name and rank used for this group, some treating it as the class R ...

art 3******* Lycophytina art 3*******

Euphyllophytina The euphyllophytes are a clade of plants within the tracheophytes (the vascular plants). The group may be treated as an unranked clade, a division Division or divider may refer to: Mathematics *Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplic ...

art 3******** “ Trimerophytina” ******** Moniliformopses ( Cladoxylopsida,

Psilotopsida Ophioglossidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns). This subclass consists of the ferns commonly known as whisk ferns, grape ferns, adder's-tongues and moonworts. It is equivalent to the class Psilotopsida in previous treat ...

Equisetopsida Equisetidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), a group of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails. They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like ...

Marattiopsida Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about ...

Polypodiopsida A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes exce ...

) ******** Radiatopses (

Progymnospermopsida The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the trimerophytes, and eventually gave rise to the gymnosperms, ancestral to acrogymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants). They ...

) ******* Spermatophytina ********

Pinopsida Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extan ...

( gymnosperms) art 4, to be published********

Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classif ...

(

angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

) ********* Magnoliidae art 4, to be published*********

Lilianae Lilianae (also known as Liliiflorae) is a botanical name for a superorder (that is, a rank higher than that of order) of flowering plants. Such a superorder of necessity includes the type family Liliaceae (and usually the type order Liliales). Te ...

(

monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

) **********

Acorales ''Acorus'' is a genus of monocot flowering plants. This genus was once placed within the family Araceae (aroids), but more recent classifications place it in its own family Acoraceae and order Acorales, of which it is the sole genus of the old ...

Alismatales The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly Tropical vegetation, tropical or Aquatic plant, aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. ...

Petrosaviales Petrosaviaceae is a family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales are a very small order (one family, two genera and four species ...

Dioscoreales The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Within the monocots Dioscoreales are grouped in the lilioid monocots w ...

, Liliales,

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

art 4, to be published**********

Arecales Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. Taxonomy The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogo ...

Commelinales Commelinales is an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 885 species in about 70 genera; the majority of sp ...

Poales The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales. Descriptio ...

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morphologi ...

, Dasypogonales art 5, to be published********* Eudicotyledons art 5, to be published

References

Bibliography

Works by Engler

Syllabus editions 1892–1924

* * * ** * 1904: Engler, A. idem, 4th ed., Borntraeger, Berlin. * 1907: Engler, A. idem, 5th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 247 p. * 1909: Engler, A. idem, 6th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 254 p. * 1912: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen, nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik'', 7th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 387 p. * * 1924: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Naturpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik '', 9th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 420 p. * 1924: Engler, A. & E. Gilg, idem, 10th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin.

Posthumous editions

* 1936: Diels, L. ''A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorselungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik'', 11th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 419 p. * *
Vol. I 367 pp.
*
Vol. II 666 pp.

1983: Gerloff, J. & K. Walther, idem, 13th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin
(Only one of seven planned volumes was published - Bryophytina, Laubmoose) ** In 2009, the edition was revived, with the publication of the first of five replanned volumes ** ** ** **

** ** Forthcoming parts: *** Part 1/3: Basidiomycota *** Part 2/2: Rhodobionta *** Part 5: Seed Plants, Spermatophytes (2)

Synopses

First edition (1892)

Third edition (1903)

XIII Embryophyta siphonogama

= Gymnospermae

= Angiospermae

= Monocotyledon family structure

Thirteenth edition (2009-)

References

Bibliography

Works by Engler

Syllabus editions 1892–1924

Posthumous editions

Other works by Engler

Works about Engler

External links